Matrix

Phoenix Material Representation of Interests Matrix Follow the instructions below to complete the matrix: Identify, in the first column, a minimum of five interests that are affected by public policy decisions, one per row of the table. List, in the second column, any groups or organizations that support the Interests you Identified In column one. List, In the third column, any groups or organizations that oppose the Interests you Identified In column one. Identify classes or groups affected by policies related to the interests you identified in column one.Identify classes or groups who have an Interest in the outcomes of policies related to the interests you identified in column one. Interests affected by Public Policy Groups and Organizations Supporting the Interest Groups and Organizations Opposing the Interest Classes or Groups Affected by the Interest Classes or Groups Interested in Policy Outcomes (MAD) The mission of mothers against drunk driving. National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration and with the Law Enforcement community. ADAM) is an organization founded by a group of responsible citizens ho were astonished to learn how legislator and other groups that have created an entire DOI industry in there quest for government revenues. (PIP) Victim Impact Panels The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse National Mullen Drinking Age Act. (ARP) They work to improve the quality of life for people age 50 and older and helps them with issues they face. The united Health Group and Optimum Labs organization 60 Plus Organization is an conservative alternative to (ARP) (MAC) The voice of Americans 50 and more Generation AmericaRAJA has partnered with ARP on the Future of Nursing Campaign for Action. It affects about 40 million Americans over the age of 50 including workers and retirees. (NEAR) The National Rifle Association. Woman Warriors Pack which supports strong conservative woman which emphasizes that Its The National Right to Life Committee Issued an at tack on the legislation on and sellers of firearms, ammunition There are several politicians who take a great interest in the out come of the (NEAR) (AMA) The American Medical Association works to promote the art and Science of medicine and to improve public health.Members are warriors and not helpless warriors. The Second Amendment Foundation is the country's oldest legal-action group focusing on gun rights. Special treatment. Several religious groups such as The American Jewish Committee. And related wares. Millions of citizens are in favor of the (NEAR) and could be effected in countless ways according to the policies given to the (NEAR) Policies because they receive thousands of dollars for their personal campaigns from the (NEAR) The gun control activist groups are interested in the out come of the (NEAR) policies since they don't agree tit them.The Christian Coalition of America works to represent the pro-family agenda and support policies that will strengthen and preserve, ra ther than threaten our families and our values. The National Wildfire Federation. The Republican Senatorial Committee The Family Research Council The (C) has a major impact in state and national elections, which as an impact on everyday citizens. Congress is affected because (C) is a major lobbying force for it. The Focus on the Family group The Board of Education Website organizations

Causes & Effects of Academic Cheating

Dusan Micovic EN105 Prof. Rutt 13/10/2012 The Causes and Effects of Academic Cheating Cheating has been an issue for years in academic settings, whether in the primary grades, high school or college. However, definition of cheating remains unclear. It is so widespread and it overlaps with so many academic activities that it does not have a specific, clear, uniform policy on what constitutes academic dishonesty. Parental pressure can also lead to cheating.According to Professor Daniel J. Bauer, parents sometimes coerce their children into attending college by relating horror stories to them about people who never attended college. Parents will tell their teenagers that they will never succeed in life without a college education. These well-meaning parents may even expect nothing but A's on their child's transcript. This parental notion overlooks the possibility that a vocational program may indeed be a better fit for a student.It also increases the pressure these individuals feel to s ucceed, whether in high school or college, or risk losing the love of their parents. Failing a test, for example, is not an option, so they feel they must pass at any cost, even if it means cheating. In a survey by Rutgers University, students felt that cheating is a necessary method to ensure success through high school, college and later in life. Education News has conducted a survey and found that students who are poorly prepared are more likely to cheat than those who studied or completed assignments.Poor preparation is usually a result of laziness, which is indeed one of the biggest obstacles towards academic success. Seeing as overcoming laziness and developing effective study habits might be long and tough road, students prefer taking a shortcut. According to Orment, attitude of the teacher or professor is another possible factor that could drive students to cheating. If the mentor is not prone to offering help outside of class, or is too harsh on grading, this could lead stu dents to cheat.Another practice that can lead to cheating, that researchers mentioned, was weighting a final examination so heavily that failing the test automatically fails a student. The ultimate goal of education is to teach students some crucial concepts and techniques. However, many students don’t have those academic foundations because of the excessive cheating. When cheating is successfully repeated, it easily becomes a habit. Their creativity and sense of responsibility will drop over time, and dependency of cheating will grow.They will leave the education system, with a belief that things in life will always come easy, handed to them on a silver platter. Soon after they step into the work environment they will notice that they were wrong. Accumulated lack of knowledge and skill will make them realize that they are simply not ready. Although cheating can be just a harmless tool of support for years in school and college, it could also produce some serious consequences in the long run, due to its overuse and abuse.

Love Through the Ages Essay

â€Å"It is better to have loved and lost then to have never loved at all.† Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), a famous poet from the modern period, published â€Å"Love is not all† in 1931, centuries after â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, by puritan poet Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672), was published in 1678. While comparing these two poems, one can see many similarities and differences ascribed to the different time periods they were written. â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† and â€Å"Love is not all† are different in their content and meaning. Although both of the poets are exploring the relationship between love and death, they come to different results at the end of their work. Bradstreet finds her love for her husband so worthy when she says, â€Å"I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold†(l.5). On the other hand Millay thinks that she â€Å"might be driven to sell [his] love for peace,†(l.12). One can notice a contrast in tone between the two poems. Bradstreet’s tone is spiritual, while Millay’s tone is playful. There is one paradox in each of the poems. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband†, Bradstreet explains that people who are no longer alive on earth can be alive forever in heaven. She says, â€Å"that when we live no more, we may live ever†(l.12). Millay explains that love can’t save lives but people can die without it. This paradox is spread in the first six lines of the poem. Although these poems are written in different time periods, they have many similarities considering their content and meaning. Ann Bradstreet and Edna St. Vincent Millay have different styles. Part of this difference is ascribed to the different time periods in which they lived. In â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† images like gold, debt, and nature are some that come to reader’s mind, but in â€Å"Love is not all† one can see more images while reading the poem. People rising and sinking, blood, and fractured bones are some of them. The two poems are different in their diction too. Millay’s diction is contemporary but Bradstreet’s language is archaic and old fashioned. She uses words and phrases that were common in seventeenth century language as when she says, â€Å"Thy love is such I can no way repay† (l.9). Although a regular reader may not notice, both poems have  rhyming scheme. â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† is written in rhyming couplets, meanwhile â€Å"Love is not all† is written in English or Shakespearean sonnet. The use of figurative language is not really noticeable in any of the poems. Bradstreet says, â€Å"My love is such that rivers cannot quench, nor ought but love from thee, give recompense. â€Å", which is the only metaphor she uses in her poem (l.6). Millay’s most noticeable use of figurative language is when she says, â€Å"Yet many a man is making friends with death†, which is a personification (l.7). As explained, the different time periods in which these poems were written causes the greatest difference in their style. If I wanted to write a poem about love, I would write about the love of mother for her child. I believe the mother’s love is the purest and most beautiful love. I would include many images showing how a mother cares about her child and how her love is unconditional. I would also use figurative language to explain the love of a mother for her child. I may say how a mother protects her child from all the dangers by comparing it to nature. Or I may use simile to show how desperate a child can be without her mother’s support and care. I would conclude my poem by trying to make the reader believe that people should have more respect and care about their parents and the fact that without them, they would be nothing.

Engineering management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering management - Essay Example Therefore, it can be said that the company or the management of the company in particular would have to take all these aspects into consideration and ascertain whether all the constraints associated with these factors are suitable or not. The product can only be introduced if and only if a majority of these factors are found or are projected to be favorable to the interests of the company. Therefore, a company needs to two things in this regard. The first and the foremost requirement is to conduct a fair assessment of the various constraints and make a forecast. Secondly, the company also needs to come up with an action plan in order to be able to handle any situation such as things not going along as expected or detecting some errors in the forecast etc (Blanchard & Fabrycky, 2004). therefore, all these factors need to be considered before the introduction of the product into the market. Therefore, this is the key consideration that the current paper would attempt to discuss in dept h in line with the concepts of System engineering. The paper would accurately determine the resources that would be required for each phase of the project in addition to determining the implications if any of the calculations went wrong. These p Systems engineering & Analysis The introduction of a new product into the market may be regarded as a project. Generally, such a development would usually comprise the following stages (Blanchard, 2001): Analyze the current products in the market. Drive internal R&D (Research & Development). Design new Product. Ensure that the new product's attributes are competitive enough to survive the market pressures and be able to offer healthy competition to existing and established products. Be able to make the necessary adjustments in all possible respects in order to achieve the above-mentioned objective.These phases are not sequential in order and may vary in their sequence of occurrence. In many cases, these steps have been found to be iterative in nature. The focus of the company that intends to develop and market a new product would be to use the resources to the least possible extent and to be able to use them in an efficient manner. This can be achieved through the concept of system analysis. Under this, the entire development is considered to be a complex system. Thus, system analysis would concentrate on studying every part of the system as well as the relationships between these parts in detail. It must be mentioned that it does not matter whether the system under consideration is an abstract system or a physical system, the former being the one in the present case. Most operations that are conducted under systems analysis are based on the use of certain mathe matical models for generating the appropriate results. These mathematical equations are used for describing the behavior of the system's individual components as well as the effects caused as a result of the interaction of these individual components. The estimation of the various resources along with their quantities can be classified into two main categories, which are discussed in detail: Operations Research. PERT &

In-house Network design vs. third party network design Research Paper

In-house Network design vs. third party network design - Research Paper Example Additionally, the method promises continuous and effective to the company. Firstly, since the department is part of the organization the personnel in the department have adequate experience with the company and have absolute access to its every department. This implies that they offer faster services owing to the unlimited access of the organization unlike a third party that will often seek permission to access certain aspects of the organization thereby resulting in inefficiencies and communication flaws. Â  The inception of the department as part of the organization further instils a spirit of patriotism in the employees. The freedom of interaction among the personnel of the department and those of other departments creates a seamless environment without resentment, as is the case with third party designers. The in-house department will integrate seamlessly with the other departments thereby creating a holistic organization with similar management structures. The patriotism within the members of the department will compel them to safeguard the interest of the organization thus availing their knowledge and skills for use in other departments should any need arise. However, this may rise issues of misuse since the management of the company may use some of such employees especially when they are not engaged in their professional work to run other tasks irrelevant to their professional. Depending on the nature of the information systems requirement in an organization, in house departments are often more cost effective.... The patriotism within the members of the department will compel them to safeguard the interest of the organization thus availing their knowledge and skills for use in other departments should any need arise. However, this may rise issues of misuse since the management of the company may use some of such employees especially when they are not engaged in their professional work to run other tasks irrelevant to their professional. Depending on the nature of the information systems requirement in an organization, in house departments are often more cost effective. This requires large organizations that need constant management of the information system. The departments may however prove expensive for smaller companies that may not have adequate finances to afford the personnel and the equipment. Information management employs automated programs that can easily operate automatically without the personnel. This implies that should a department employ more personnel, they will prove more co stly to maintain yet not directly productive. Most organization have often redeployed such personnel to other departments a feature that kill careers thus inhibiting personal growth. Additionally, managing the in-house departments thus becomes unnecessarily expensive for the company. Consultancy firms on the other hand are private companies that specialize in the creation and management of the information systems. A company in need of the services thus consults them with specific needs for which they charge an adequate amount and deliver the particular service before again cutting links with the company. Third party companies are effective since most all of their employees are experts with professional skills in the

Organizational Change Management, Change, Talk and Sensemaking Annotated Bibliography

Organizational Change Management, Change, Talk and Sensemaking - Annotated Bibliography Example This is a particularly different approach from implementing change in-house because much of the language analysis prepared in this article would not be necessary if everyone involved in the change used common language that is familiar to all within the organization.   Outsiders may use terminology differently, which may be the actual cause of confusion. The analysis provides an example of why clear and concise communication is necessary, particularly during periods of change. If outsiders are brought in, their language should be adjusted to that of the firm, or a list of This article shares the results of a survey taken by the authors, that examines trends in how organizations change. The findings indicate that true organizational change only occurred about 40% of the time. The best results, as high as 80%, are achieved by companies that abide by principles such a strong senior leadership, clear vision of goals and consistent communication of goals. The survey also found that companies that were under pressure to change from external forces usually failed because they tried to have â€Å"troubleshooters† take care of the transformation in secret rather than appealing to the broad base of employees. This article is valuable to research, as it provides a strong argument against secret or covert actions taken to bring about change in an organization. Outsourcing decisions that do not communicate a clear set of goals will not receive a broad base of support within the organization. This will lead to less than desirable results in the change process. Lack of open communication and secretive ventures of this nature can create a great deal of distrust. The research also suggests that change which is expected to bring about improvement within an organization should be proactive, rather than reactive. This means that taking measures to prevent the problem before they occur, being able to anticipate them and having solutions in place if they do occur can help organizations weather storms much more successfully.  

The Process of Recruitment of the New Employees Essay - 1

The Process of Recruitment of the New Employees - Essay Example Conversely, the selection process starts when the applications from the interested candidates are received, when the organization now performs short-listing and determination of the best candidates for the job (Cooper and Robertson, 2000). In this process of recruitment and selection, the organization tries to identify those individuals with the right skill sets to work in the organization, and before they are inducted into the organization, they have to be interviewed and trained to attain the skills that they need to perform the tasks that they are being hired for. In the hiring process, the organization can decide to perform external or internal recruitment and selection, where the candidates are chosen from within or outside the organization. The selection process for the employees can involve many processes, but the most common one is the selection interview, where the potential candidate is put in front of a panel and interviewed to determine the ability to work for the organization (Cooper and Robertson, 2000). The selection interview process has been criticized by many experts, but many organizations still prefer to use it for the selection process. As part of the selection process, many organizations will usually conduct interviews to determine the competences of the different applicants and select the best applicant for the job. The selection interview process is used by the employer as an assessment or evaluation of the potential employee for the job at hand. The selection interview process can take many different formats, for example, the telephone interview used by the interview before any other interview. The telephone interview is usually used by the employer before any other interview process and is used as a way of reducing potential applicants for the job (Warr, 2003). After the pre-interview phase, the other formats include the panel interview, which is the most common format used by employers.

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annual Marketing Plan Nokia - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the cell phone industry is becoming increasingly competitive as different competitors are coming up with newer products with the aim of taking more and more market share. The needs of the customers have also become sophisticated and now they are demanding better features. In the midst of all this, Nokia is constantly losing market share to rival companies. Apple, Google, HTC, and Samsung are all making inroads into the cell phone industry. These companies have challenged the market leadership of Nokia and in turn have reduced the sales of the company significantly. The situation demands that Nokia acts immediately if the company wants to remain active in the market for a long period. Analysts have suggested lower pricing as the main reason behind company’s low profits. Nokia, in the wake of all the new, had to lower prices in order to compete. This had a toll on the profits of the company. On the other hand Apple and Google are already shrinki ng the market by targeting the youth. The overall situation is developing to be disastrous for the company. Nokia was once the 5th most valuable brand of the world, but now it has plummeted to 79th. This is evidence of the declining situation of the company. Nokia has to invest in its marketing campaign vigorously in order to retain its position in the market. The problem is lower pricing and that can be solved by creating a brand value. Nokia has to create a sense of value for the customers and only then it can justify its higher prices. The product line of the company is the widest in the industry so the problem is not with the products; rather it is with the marketing strategy of the company. The main marketing objective must be to enhance the brand image of the company in the eyes of the users. The main concern for the company should be the emerging markets of Asia where population is growing. The younger population of Asian markets should be targeted by Nokia through marketing campaigns and features of different cell phones should be communicated to the youth. The main aim of the company should be to do away with price based competition with smaller brands. Pricing should be higher than smaller brands and lower than Apple and Google. This pricing can attract major chunk of the market and Nokia should attempt to cash in this market. The strategy of Nokia should be to provide value to the customers beyond lower pricing. People buy Apple even though it is highly priced just because they expect greater value in return. Nokia is also developing cell phones that are of superior quality but it is essential to communicate this to the customers. The company is currently lowering its prices in India as compared to the prices of similar models in other countries (Daga, 2007). Actually the strategy should be to create a sense of higher quality and then charge a premium for that superior quality from the customers. A total of change in company’s marketing dynam ics is needed. Nokia should adopt a more youth oriented approach in its marketing campaigns. The company has very recently announced smart phones with Windows. The company is also changing its marketing appeal with more focus on the younger population (O’Reilly, 2011). Similar tactics should be used to gain more market share all around the world. Nokia should design similar specific campaigns for different models. Customers should know that Nokia is also a valuable brand like Apple and Google. The new Windows smart phones of Nokia are also not being sold for at least a couple of months outside United States (Velazco, 2011). This is a good step that will enable Nokia to focus on US markets. The company can also gain valuable customer insights before going to international markets. Nokia will have to invest heavily in its marketing campaigns. The products should be advertised heavily using social networking

English 251 (World Literature) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English 251 (World Literature) - Essay Example The Bible itself is an exemplary of mixed culture as we have the Hebrew Bible, Christian Bible. The Gilgamesh is not a discourse on religion but it there are theological elements in the book. It is really difficult to trace the real origin of all the religious dictums. The three books are similar in certain spheres and differs in a many a grounds with the basic similarity of punishment. Early Muslims perceived that the Quran and the forerunner biblical texts and figures. Intertextuality is evident of the fact that each culture owes something to the other. The cross cultural influence is definitely responsible for these similarities. The cross cultural studies are a branch of literary or cultural studies dealing with the writings and the scriptures by the authors associated with more than one culture. The Great Flood in the three books brings out the issue of cross cultural influence. The Great Flood is mentioned in the religious books of the Bible, the Quran and the Gilgamesh. The basic ground of all theologies is the Almighty and is related to sin, retribution and redemption. The books also bear the message that God’s warnings should not be ignored and the judgment of the God should be done in the form of destruction to purge the world of sins. In other words, the books depict to show that the wages of sins are punishment, death and destruction. In Bible the story of the flood appears in Genesis (6:9-8:22).There are three motifs shown for this flood. It aims to show God as the judge of the whole world. He is the entity who has the supreme authority to distinguish between right and wrong. The second motif intends to say that God has made provisions for the recipients of His grace. To be explicit to receive the grace of God one must follow the path of righteousness. The third is significant for Israel. Through the flood the God judged the wicked Egyptians and brought them to the Red Sea to lie in humble

Position Statements (Outline) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Position Statements (Outline) - Essay Example Wal-Mart sells Chinese manufactured products due to which local manufacturers have experienced a decrease in demand and this has led to shutdown of manufacturing plants which in turn leads to unemployment in manufacturing sector. i. According to Redovich, when federal agencies conducted a raid on Wal-Mart, they figured out that the organization is hiring illegal immigrants who charge less and work without health benefits (Redovich 41). Due to this the likely hood of US citizens getting a better paying job at Wal-Mart decreases. 5. Wal-Mart is one of the oldest and one of the largest retailing businesses within US and it has provided various benefits to the US economy including: increased tax contribution, increased employment levels, better wage rates, higher amount of benefits, environment friendly operations and higher number of choices of goods for consumers. Mitchell, Stacy. "Wal-Mart to Create 22,000 Jobs — and Destroy Many Thousands More | Institute for Local Self-Reliance." Institute for Local Self-Reliance. N.p., 12 June 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2012.

Lab report about lenses Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About lenses - Lab Report Example All these have been exemplified well in the analysis segment and discussion segment. The main objective of this experiment is the determination of the focal length as well as the focal points of lenses. In this entire experiment, two methodologies for finding out the spherical lens’s focal length were chosen. They refer to the lens replacement methodology, and the lens formula methodology. The first method sets basis on the lens formula which is very essential when it comes to this concept. This formula states that there is a linear relationship between, image distance (v), object distance (u), and focal length (f) of the spherical lens (Boston, 2010).Therefore, after recording some variables regarding the object and the image distances, the computation of the focal length will be a very easy task. This can be done using the following formula: On the other hand, the lens replacement technique has to do with a number of frameworks. For instance; if the screen and the lamp housing are separated from maybe (a) to around (s) cm, two positions between shall definitely be established, hence leading to the formation of an image on a screen. This is with accordance to the concept of reversibility of light. From that point, the focal length can hence be computed using the following formula: The experiment started after assembling all the apparatus that included; the optical lens, light source, optical benches, lens mounts, as well as the screens. Using the lens mounts, a lens was mounted on a flat surface. The targeted object was then placed at a specific distance in front of the lens. The screen was thus placed at the rear end so as to monitor the reflected image. The object distance was slightly altered with, and based on this, the consequent variation on the image distance was thus determined. The same procedure was repeated with a constant variation in the object distances. The results were the recorded accordingly for further

Human Rights Essay Example for Free

Human Rights Essay Human rights are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being. Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in local, regional, national, and international law. The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights states, if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights. Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a right is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate. Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the concept of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century. History of concept  Although ideas of rights and liberty have existed in some form for much of human history, they do not resemble the modern conception of human rights. According to Jack Donnelly, in the ancient world, traditional societies typically have had elaborate systems of duties conceptions of justice, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights. These institutions and practices are alternative to, rather than different formulations of, human rights. The modern sense of human rights can be traced to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation, alongside the disappearance of the feudal authoritarianism and religious conservativism that dominated the Middle Ages. One theory is that human rights were developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The most commonly held view is that concept of human rights evolved in the West, and that while earlier cultures had important ethical concepts, they generally lacked a concept of human rights. For example, McIntyre argues there is no word for right in any language before 1400. and constituted a form of limited political and legal agreement to address specific political circumstances, in the case of Magna Carta later being recognised in the course of early modern debates about rights. One of the oldest records of human rights is the statute of Kalisz, giving privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech. The earliest conceptualization of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law. In particular, the issue of universal rights was introduced by the examination of extending rights to indigenous peoples by Spanish clerics, such as Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas. In the Valladolid debate, Juan Gines de Sepulveda, who maintained an Aristotelian view of humanity as divided into classes of different worth, argued with Las Casas, who argued in favor of equal rights to freedom of slavery for all humans regardless of race or religion. In Britain in 1683, the English Bill of Rights and the Scottish Claim of Right each made illegal a range of oppressive governmental actions. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century, in the United States and in France, leading to the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen respectively, both of which established certain legal rights. Additionally, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 encoded into law a number of fundamental civil rights and civil freedoms. These were followed by developments in philosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G. W. F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries. The term human rights probably came into use some time between Paines The Rights of Man and William Lloyd Garrisons 1831 writings in The Liberator, in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in the great cause of human rights. In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery. A number of reformers, such as William Wilberforce in Britain, worked towards the abolition of slavery. This was achieved in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. In the United States, all the northern states had abolished the institution of slavery between 1777 and 1804, although southern states clung tightly to the peculiar institution. Conflict and debates over the expansion of slavery to new territories constituted one of the reasons for the southern states secession and the American Civil War. During the reconstruction period immediately following the war, several amendments to the United States Constitution were made. These included the 13th amendment, banning slavery, the 14th amendment, assuring full citizenship and civil rights to all people born in the United States, and the 15th amendment, guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote. Many groups and movements have achieved profound social changes over the course of the 20th century in the name of human rights. In Europe and North America, labour unions brought about laws granting workers the right to strike, establishing minimum work conditions and forbidding or regulating child labor. The womens rights movement succeeded in gaining for many women the right to vote. National liberation movements in many countries succeeded in driving out colonial powers. One of the most influential was Mahatma Gandhis movement to free his native India from British rule. Movements by long-oppressed racial and religious minorities succeeded in many parts of the world, among them the African American Civil Rights Movement, and more recent diverse identity politics movements, on behalf of women and minorities in the United States. The establishment of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the 1864 Lieber Code and the first of the Geneva Conventions in 1864 laid the foundations of International humanitarian law, to be further developed following the two World Wars. The World Wars, and the huge losses of life and gross abuses of human rights that took place during them, were a driving force behind the development of modern human rights instruments. The League of Nations was established in 1919 at the negotiations over the Treaty of Versailles following the end of World War I. The Leagues goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. Enshrined in its charter was a mandate to promote many of the rights later included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. At the 1945 Yalta Conference, the Allied Powers agreed to create a new body to supplant the Leagues role; this was to be the United Nations. The United Nations has played an important role in international human-rights law since its creation. Following the World Wars, the United Nations and its members developed much of the discourse and the bodies of law that now make up international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Philosophy The philosophy of human rights attempts to examine the underlying basis of the concept of human rights and critically looks at its content and justification. Several theoretical approaches have been advanced to explain how and why human rights have become a part of social expectations. One of the oldest Western philosophies of human rights is that they are a product of a natural law, stemming from different philosophical or religious grounds. Other theories hold that human

Effect of Cultural Exposure on Ethnic Identities in Adoption

Effect of Cultural Exposure on Ethnic Identities in Adoption How has cultural exposure shaped the ethnic identities of Asian children who have been adopted into American families? Emma Schroeter This essay assesses the effects of cultural exposure on the ethnic identities’ of Asian transracially adopted children. It examines how cultural exposure shapes the ethnic identities of Asian children who have been adopted into American families. To do so, the variety of cultural exposure methods and the factors that typically influence a child’s self-identity are first discussed. This includes the â€Å"nature versus nature concept† and Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. The way ethnic identity is measured is then identified. Next, a relevant study by David C. Lee and Stephen M. Quintana’s which was published in 2005 is analyzed in relation to the investigation. The results are discussed and conclusions are drawn. In conclusion, there are significant positive effects of cultural exposure on Asian transracially adopted children. Introduction: International adoption is becoming increasingly popular within families in the United States. Since 1971, over 330,000 children have been adopted from other countries and the annual rate for international adoption has tripled.[1] The amount of internationally adopted children went from 7,093 children in 1990 to 22,884 children in 2004.[2] The increase in international adoption can be attributed to war, poverty, the lack of social welfare in these countries, as well as: greater infertility rates in the United States, recognized difficulties associated with domestic adoption, desire to adopt babies rather than older children, or a repugnance toward foster care adoption.[3] Today, children (the majority infants and young children) are adopted annually from over one hundred countries, with approximately 90% of children adopted from only twenty countries.[4] However, most are from China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala.[5] Transracial adoption in the United States has a controversial history.[6] The perception of ethnic identity within these children has been an immense concern for the general wellbeing of the child. Currently, Asian children adopted into American families cover about 15% of all adopted children and continues to increase annually.[7] Whether or not we want to accept it, our childhoods play a prodigious role in not only shaping who we become as adults but also our identity. Some people actually consider transracial adoption cultural genocide.[8] When transracially adopted into an American family, a child is at risk for being robbed of their own identity and culture. Although many families who adopt children do make an effort to expose their child to as much of their original culture as possible, what the child interprets may not necessarily be the expected. Therefore, the question remains: How has cultural exposure shaped the ethnic identities of Asian children who have been adopted int o American families? Although, many of the studies referenced refer to Korean children, the researchers have made the conclusion that the same effects apply to all Asian adoptees. Investigation: Cultural exposure can have a variety of meanings. In the case of a child being transracially adopted, cultural exposure is the introduction to aspects and collective manifestations of their home country. For Asian children, these items may include: attending Asian/culture-specific cultural group activities/festivals, visiting home country, attending culture-specific (fully Korean, Japanese, etc.) school, can speak some of native language, can write some of native language, or eats culture-specific food frequently (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.). These items are drawn from a variation of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale and the Children’s Acculturation Scale.[9] All of the preceding factors would result in exposure to the child’s home country in one way or another, to a certain extent. Depending on the adoptive family, the child may or may not be able to experience these types of things. It is important to define cultural exposure to understand the ba sis of this investigation and argument. The aspects listed previously are examples necessary in understanding what cultural exposure deals with. In David C. Lee and Stephen M. Quintana’s study published in 2005, these items were constructed into questions and used in interviews with Korean children. This study will be referenced frequently, due to its relativity to the subject being discussed. An important focus of this investigation is on transracially adopted children’s ideological, behavioral, and social commitment to their country of origin.[10] Transracially children who are adopted and being raised by parents with a different racial status tend to experience a different racial socialization than those who are raised by their biological parents or adopted within their race. According to research, more than 65% of transracially adopted children fail to identify with their racial status.[11] This was evident in Andujo’s 1988 study comparing Mexican within race adopted children and Mexican transracially adopted children. This study found that none of the thirty transracially adopted children identified with the race â€Å"Mexican American†, while twenty-two out of thirty within race adopted children did. Although this study investigates Mexican children, it is relevant because of the conclusions drawn. Andujo concluded that these results can be gener alized to apply to all transracially adopted children due to the similarities in their situations. It has also been replicated using Asian, African as well as other South American countries, producing close, if not the same results. In DeBerry, Scarr, and Weinberg’s (1996) longitudinal study, it was found that transracially adopted children had difficulty developing biracial competence and identified more with White than Asian groups. Not only was this result a concern, but the statistic stating that over 20% of transracially adopted children indicated that they wished they had a different racial status as well.[12] It is concerning that children are not happy with their ethnicity and culture. This â€Å"wish† that these children possessed could be a predetermining factor for other issues that the child will later stumble upon (depression, etc.). This statement could be caused by a variety of reasons, such as deprivation to culture exposure. On the contrary, research h as also found that most transracially adopted children show adjustment levels (self-esteem, well-being, etc.) equivalent or higher than those of within race adopted children.[13] As seen in Feigelman and Silverman’s (1983) and Andujo’s (1988) studies, this pattern in adjustment levels applies when comparing within race adopted white children and within race adopted transracial children (for example, a Korean couple living in the U.S. adopting a Korean child). The error in the adjustment levels pattern occurred in certain circumstances where differences in the adoptions took place, such as: age of adoption and placement in foster care.[14] When these circumstances were controlled, the high adjustment levels pattern was evident and the similarities between adjustment levels in both transracial and within race adopted children disappeared.[15] Ultimately, this suggests both the positive and negative sides of transracially adopted children’s perception of their iden tity. Recently, researchers have been focusing on the ways in which these children develop positive or negative understandings and perceptions about their ethnic, cultural, and racial identity. As of right now, the biggest reason for this revolves around the adoptive parents attitudes towards adopted children’s attitudes and children’s racial identity.[16] Research is showing that transracially adopted children begin to recognize their racial differences as early as ages four or five.[17] As transracially adopted children get older, they develop a more non-literal understanding of their identity.[18] At the same time, they can start to feel a loss of their home culture and family history and begin to understand the effects of racism and discrimination.[19] This development will be specifically discussed later in the investigation. These new feelings and emotions in a child, however, can relate to the famous â€Å"nature versus nurture† debate. This argument focuses on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.[20] For example, when a person is very knowledgeable, gets good grades, and is ultimately successful, did they do so because they are genetically predisposed or is it the result of a fortified environment? Similarly, If a man/father abuses his family/wife/kids, is it because of something he was born with violent tendencies or is it something he learned from personal experience and by observing his own parents behavior? A few characteristics that seem to be biologically determined (nature) include eye color, hair color, skin color, some genetic diseases, etc. Other attributes like height, life expectancy, and even left/right handedness have a strong biological component, but they are also influenced by the environment you are exposed to and the lifestyle you experience (nurture). Families who have adopted children are typically used in experiments researching â€Å"nature versus nurture † because it is so easily seen in these situations. How a person behaves can be tied to influence such as parenting styles and learned experiences (cultural exposure). For example, a child might learn through observation and reinforcement to say â€Å"please† and â€Å"thank you.† Another child might learn to behave violently by observing older children engage in aggressive behavior on the playground. This act of imitation is also known as Albert Bandura’s â€Å"social learning theory†. In his famous â€Å"Bobo doll experiment†, Bandura showed that children learn and copy behaviors they have watched other people complete. Children participating in Bandura’s study observed an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play and interact with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive and violent actions they had previously been exposed to and observed. These studies are significant to t his investigation because it shows the impact of parents on the behaviors and actions of children, ultimately leading to the child’s identity. The effect of cultural exposure on adopted children can be considered the â€Å"nurture† aspect because it involves the environment the child is exposed to and how they are brought up. When it comes to Bandura’s study, the importance lies in the fact that adopted children imitate their parents, just the same as biological children used in the study.[21] If the adoptive parents were to show an interest in the culture of the child (while the child is at a young age) and practice â€Å"the ways† of the culture, if you will, the child would likely follow or imitate with their interest of the subject. As seen in the results of the Lee and Quintana (2005) study discussed later, cultural exposure is important to the perception of ethnic identity within the child. If a parent can play such a significant role in what a chil d believes and understands (Bobo doll experiment), it becomes important and relevant to this investigation as well. Within even some of the smaller communities in Rochester, New York parents of Korean adopted children children take them to an annual Korean festival to learn about their home culture. Although the kids are still very young, the parents believe they should expose their child to as much of their own culture as they can, before the child can make their own decision to continue to follow the culture or stick to the American culture.[22] This is an example of how the actions of the parents regarding cultural exposure, influence the child’s positive or negative understandings and perceptions about their ethnic, cultural, and racial identity. This â€Å"ethnic identity† is not always easy to measure, especially within children. Children have been shown to progress through physical, literal, social, and group perspectives on their cultural and racial experiences.[23] The Perspective-Taking Ability (PTA) scale (see Appendix I) is a way to measure and show the extent to which children understand their ethnic identity in different stages. The PTA’s results tends to vary over age as well. The PTA scale ranges from level zero to level three. As expected, young children’s (preschool aged) understanding of race, culture, and ethnicity are based on superficial physical appearance. This is considered the physical perspective and contains something like, â€Å"Korean people have black hair, brown eyes while Americans (Caucasian) have tan hair and different colored eyes.† Furthermore, older children (elementary aged) begin to understand non-physical features, including literal aspects such as, heritage and culture characteristics (food, ancestors, language, etc.). This is considered the literal perspective meaning, â€Å"To be Korean means your parents were Korean. But just because you’re Korean on the outside, it does not mean you are not American on the inside.† In early adolescence, youth begin to base their racial status on a social perspective, including racism and social discrimination. This stage is labelled the social perspective, when youth begin to realize, â€Å"I guess I’m different (from Caucasians) because they treat me differently.† In later adolescence, racial and cultural group consciousness is the key factor in identifying racial status (ethnic identity). The last stage is called the collective group consciousness perspective, stating, â€Å"I believe (what makes me Korean) is the way you feel about it†¦ it’s more what you know about your culture and how much you believe it.† The age groups associated with each level ar e a generalization of any typical child’s understanding. This scale has been used in research relating to ordinary young children’s perception of race before, but is more significant in evaluating a transracially adopted child’s idea of identity. This significance can be attributed to the contrasting lifestyles and environments experienced by transracially adopted children. This also suggests that the results of transracially adopted children tend to differ from ordinary children due to the possible early exposure of their culture at young ages. This exposure could lead them to knowledge beyond their years relating to this topic. The purpose of Lee and Quintana’s (2005) study was to not only look into the benefits of culture exposure but also investigate whether or not the same race developmental models would work for adopted children as well. The interest laid in the fact of whether or not transracially adopted children developed and attained the same PTA levels as non-adopted children. Previously, a small qualitative study by Friedlander et al. (2000) reveals that transracially adopted children’s ethnic and racial cognition development is parallel to those of non-adopted children. This was further investigated with this study. With varying hypotheses (see Appendix II), a method was created to test these questions. Fifty Korean-born transracially adopted children participated, twenty-seven girls and twenty-three boys. They were attending a Korean culture camp and the average age was twelve years old. Fifty-six percent of the children had some limited knowledge of verbal and written Korean, sixt y percent had been back to Korea, and sixty-four percent had previously participated in culture-specific activities outside of the camp. Almost seventy-five percent reported being teased because of their racial status (see Appendix III). The children were selected using opportunity sampling and all had parental consent. The children were interviewed using the PTA scale which had been altered to be Korean specific. Culture exposure questions were asked orally while cultural knowledge was investigated by asking the children to imagine two towns.[24] They were given questions regarding the likelihood of people from each town participating in each event. Some questions were culture specific, others were not. Self-esteem was also measured using Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. This was administered to ensure that discriminant validity that cultural variables were not significantly related to self-esteem.[25] The results can be found in Appendix IV. The results suggest that cultural exposure had a significant role for transracially adopted children’s development of PTA. Cultural exposure could be used to predict the child’s PTA after certain factors like age and cultural knowledge were controlled. These findings can be compared with research of either Portes and Rumbaut (1996) or Zhou (1997). This previous research found that children’s adaption based on a blending of culture of origin or family culture and dominant culture was complex.[26] For some, there were benefits to increased socialization which appeared to pose challenges to their adjustment. In recent situations, acculturation to the dominant culture may be experienced as threatening to ethnic/racial minority adolescents’ identity.[27] The interaction between cultural exposure and chronological age in predicting levels of PTA also had a small significance. This indicated that cultural exposure is much more important for younger transracially adopted children (less than ten years old).[28] This suggests that types of cultural exposure may need to be accustomed to age. The kinds of exposure indexed were focused on experiences with Korean culture (like food and language) just as how the cultural knowledge assessed was focused more on objective features of culture (like cultural traditions). It now seems that these kinds of exposure may be more important to young children at a level one PTA. On the other hand, older children at level two need to focus on more racial components, such as, racial prejudice. In further research, it would be important to investigate the kinds of experiences that promote transracially adopted children’s development prior to and throughout adolescence. The study findings could also help to alter the adoption policy. Currently, most adoption agencies do not have standard protocols for pre and post-adoption services focused on cultural socialization. Adoptive parents have to initiate their own support services to address these issues.[29] Consequently, agencies may want to tailor services to address these aspects of cultural socialization and exposure when working with adoptive families. Parents thinking about adopting might be encouraged to think past racial awareness and self-examination of their cultural belief systems but instead what it means to engage in culturally competent parenting. Likewise, adoptive parents whose children are currently struggling with ethnic and racial issues may benefit from learning additional ways to engage in cultural exposure. These collective efforts, in turn, we hope will promote the development of a healthy and positive ethnic identity and will contribute to the well-being and mental health of inte rnationally adopted children.[30] Conclusion: There seem to be important benefits to transracially adopted children from exposure to their country of origin for their development. Research shows the emphasis and importance of cultural exposure, particularly for young children. High levels of cultural exposure may help to minimize differences between transracially adopted children’s developmental understanding of culture and race and non-adopted children. Direct exposure appears more beneficial than knowledge or awareness of differences. 1 [1] U.S. Department of State, 2005 [2] U.S. Department of State, 2005 [3] Lee, 2003 [4] Grotevant, 2008 [5] Grotevant, 2008 [6] Simon and Alstein, 2002 [7] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [8] National Association of Black Social Workers, 1972 [9] Suinn, Khoo, and Ahauna, 1995; Franco, 1983 [10] Taylor and Thorton, 1996 [11] Andujo, 1988; Feigelman and Silverman, 1984; Kim, 1995 [12] Benson, Sharma, and Roehlkepartain, 1994 [13] Alexander and Curtis, 1996 [14] Simon and Alstein, 2000 [15] Wickes and Slate, 1997 [16] Carstens and Julia, 2000; Friedlander et al., 2000; Vonk, 2001; and Yoon, 1997 [17] Brodzinsky, Singer, Braff, 1984; Huh Reid, 2000 [18] Lee and Quintana, 2005 [19] Meier, 1999; Powell Affi, 2005 [20] Grenke, 2012 [21] Bandura, 1965 [22] Arber, 2013 [23] Lee and Quintana, 2005 [24] Bernal, Knight, Ocampo, Garza, and Cota, 1990 [25] Lee and Quintana, 2005 [26] Zhou, 1997 [27] Ogbu, 1994 [28] Lee and Quintana, 2005 [29] Steinberg and Hall, 2000 [30] Gunnar and Lee, 2006

Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) History and

Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) History and PART 2 EFFICIENCY MARKET HYPOTHESIS Introduction In order to better understand the origin and the idea behind the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), an overview of the EMH, The Random Walk Model, different degrees of information efficiency and the implications of efficient markets for investors are studied in the paper. Efficient Market Hypothesis The efficiency concept is one of the most essential concepts for investment management and analysis. Market efficiency basically revolves around three related assumptions on proper- allocation efficiency, informational efficiency and operational efficiency. Efficiency in allocation is a vital characteristic of a strong market wherein the allocation of capital is done in a proper way so that it benefits all the participants and helps in promotion of economic growth and status. Efficiency in operation is another crucial parameter which is used commonly by economists to determine and analyzes how resources are utilized in the market to benefit operational activities in the market and industry. Efficiency in information helps to determine the actual market value of shares based on its intrinsic value. The Information efficiency signifies that reflection on all available information pertaining to the security’s price must be used to determine the security’s observed market price. (Hossain,Rahman, 2006) The introduction to the idea of market efficiency was given by Bachelier (1900) and later it was termed as efficient market by Fama (1965) Fama (1970) further went on to state the vital conditions/ assumptions for maintaining efficiency: Provision of no transactional costs during the trading of securities; All information is freely available to all the participants in the market, and Agreement of all of them on the implications of the information relating to the current price and future distribution of prices of each security He identified three forms of informational efficiency, which are the weak form(underdeveloped), the semi-strong form(developing) and the strong form efficiency(developed). Forms of Market Efficiency Weak-Form Efficiency Weak form efficiency market implies that it is an efficient market which reflects all its market information accurately and does not provide profit for the investor based on past records or rates. This past records stands invalid for the market. Fama (1970) stipulates in his theory that no investor can avail greater returns when the market is weak-form efficient. Example African economy has a weak efficiency market wherein the means to attain gains on investment is narrow based on past investment experience. Example trading test, auto correlation test and run test. Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Semi Strong Form Efficiency market indicates that market is efficient and it reflects all public information. It says that the stocks are absorbant of all new information and incorporates it by adjusting to it. It is partly like the weak form efficiency market wherein the stocks rate are based upon new information that is released after the stocks are bought. So making it difficult for the market to be predictable. Fama (1970) explains the semi-strong form efficient market as the one where share price not only reflect on all information regarding its past and historic prices, but also includes additional public information which is later on integrated with the shared price and adjusted to reveal the true share value. This also implies that an investor will not be able to use the public information for the generation of gains in the evolving stock market. Event tests and time series/ regression tests are some examples. Strong Form Efficiency The Strong form efficient market relies on both public as well as private information wherein the stock prices are based and reflected upon. So an average investor cannot make much profit more than others also when he is given the new information. It incorporates both the weak form and semi strong form of market efficiency. Private information concerns the information that is not yet published or known only to the security analysts/ fund managers. The new public and private information is then incorporated into the share price to represent its true share value. This makes it even more difficult for the investor to assess share values. Examples are insiders, exchange specialists, institutional money managers and analysts who have access to new information. Fundamental analysis and technical analysis This analysis makes use of analysing and evaluating the financial statements, health of the business, efficiency of the management and their competitive advantages, while also examining the competition in the market. When applied on forex and futures market it uses production, interest rates, earnings, GDP, employment, manufacturing, housing and management analysis. While technical analysis predicts the future of market based on past prices, volume and market information. This is useful for behaviour economics and quantitative analysis. Both these methods of analysis contradict the premise and study made on efficiency market theory which states that study of market with accuracy cannot be determined by any method. Implications of EMH Market efficiency has some prominent implications concerned with both authorities and investors, which are mentioned below: When a market is efficient they must 1. Not worry about analysis on their investments, but concentrate rather on developing a diversified portfolio to get rewarded for their investments. 2. Adopt to the policy of buy and hold after establishing their portfolios as making frequent changing by shifting from one securities group to another would raise for them unwarranted transaction costs. Other implications are based on the fact that changes in price are random and cannot be predicted, investors are smart enough to not get fooled by the financial reports circulated and lastly the timing of security issues are not crucial. Investors must pay more attention to construct and hold diversified and efficient portfolios rather than taking to fundamental and technical analysis. This approach will definitely benefit them in the long run. Empirical Evidences for anomalies The empirical evidence lists some of the significant ‘anomalies which contradict the efficient market theory as listed below: The January Effect It is often noticed that the stock returns raise high abnormally in the first week of January which is defined as the January effect wherein most of the investors opt to sell some of the stocks befor the year end and later claim for a capital loss to evade tax and then go on to make their reinvestments later on. (Rozeff and Kinney, 1976) Size Effect The Size Effect is the small firm’s tendency, which holds a small capital market, to outweigh and surpass the market of larger companies and rise as an underdog over the long term. (Banz, 1981) and (Reinganum, 1981) Weekend Effect This is a notable phenomenon wherein the stock returns are observed to be comparatively lower on Mondays as against those on the preceding Fridays. ( French, 1890).. Value Effect The value effect related to the nature of stocks that hold low cost, earnings ratio to outdo other alternative portfolios of stocks which have higher cost, earnings ratio. Empirical Evidences from Developing Countries Despite huge empirical studies conducted in order to test and validate the Efficient Market Hypothesis in developed countries which witness a flourishing financial market, the pertinent studies on weak efficiency markets are limited in countries like Africa. Most developing and underdeveloped countries suffer a setback due to the problem of thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005). Fisher (1966) who first identified this bias due to thin trading on his observation on correlation of return index, stated that the security’s price that are recorded are not similar to their respective underlying values based on theory as when a share trade fails, the recorded price remains the closing price as per the last share trade. It is also stressed that reasons like transactional costs, delay in operations and illiquidity of the market are crucial in determining a concrete statistical evaluation of the study. Bibliography Cohen, W. W., 1996. Learning trees and rules with set valued features. s.l.:s.n.vol1. Fama, E., 1970. Efficient Capital markets: A review of theory and empirical work. 1ed. s.l,American Economic Review. Fisher, R. A., 1966. The design of experiments. 8ed. New York: Hafner publishing. Mikhail, M. W. R., 2004. Do security analysts exhibit persistent Differences in Stock picking ability. s.l.Journal of financial economics. Reiter, S. W. P. F., n.d. Scientific conversations in financial economics. Burlington: Ashgate publishing company.

On Line Recruiting Essay -- Business Hiring Job Jobs Employer Essays

On-Line Recruiting On-line recruiting is the process of attracting and hiring applicants for positions within an organization through use of the internet. In this paper I will assess an on-line recruitment service, identify the advantages and disadvantages of this vehicle as a recruiting technique for an organization, evaluate the pros and cons of dealing with virtual resumes, and develop criteria an organization can use for selecting an on-line recruiting service. CareerBuilder.com is an on-line recruitment service based out of Reston, Virginia. Their resume database contains of over 1.5 million resumes, utilizes over 250 search agents, and has over 48,000 jobs posted on the main site, as well as 243,000 on their network, which consists of over fifty participating sites and network job boards. CareerBuilder.com was rated by the February 2000 Forester Report as the most efficient on-line service, and claims to provide employers with the best access and exposure to top websites such as MSN and USA Today, along with various industry sites and localized new sites. CareerBuilder.com also provides interactive banner advertising on its home site, as well as all participating job sites and career centers on the internet, providing additional advertising exposure to their cclients (Career Builder, Inc.,1996-2000). Although the Job Search Agent only hunts through jobs posted on the Career Builder network, which limits the amount of informa tion available to their clients, CareerBuilder.com was rated by The Standard.com as ?by far the best job megasite for employers... practically perfect in every way? (Slayton,2000,popup chart). There are several advantages and disadvantages to using this particular vehicle to recruit potential employees. Using an internet recruitment service is more cost effective; a newspaper advertisement costs between $50 to $100, and is good for approximately ten days. An internet listing costs as little as $10, and lasts up to thirty days. Internet services also provide immediate results, where as newspaper ads can take as long as one week for the company to receive any responses. Lastly, utilizing the internet provides an employer access to a greater number and range of applicants . Disadvantages include a greater amount of responses to review, which can be very time consuming, many of which may not be ... ... In summary, the introduction of the internet has completely altered the way employers hire, how individuals seek out work, how employees feel about their current employer, and how companies manage human resources. The utilization of an on-line recruitment service has become a necessary, as well as very effective way, to organize and manipulate the information available to both employers and employees adequately in today?s job market. References Career Builder, Inc. (1996-2000). About Us. CareerBuilder.com. [On-Line]. Available: http://corporate/ourcompany.html. Career Builder, Inc. (1996-2000). What We Do. CareerBuilder.com. [On-Line]. Available: http://corporate/employers.html.. Slayton, Joyce (2000). Recruiter Beware. The Industry Standard Magazine. [On-line]. Available: http://www.thestandard.com/article/table/0,213,18304-1,00.html?popupw=511 Dessler, Gary (2000) . Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Human Resources at Wharton (2001). How On-Line Recruiting Changes the Hiring Game. Knowlege at wharton.Com. [On-Line]. Available: http://knowlege.wharton.eupenn.edu/articles.cfm?articleid=314&catid=10.

Marjorie Garbers Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety

Marjorie Garber's Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety The tendency to establish rigid social codes of gender-determined behaviors is apparent everywhere--though specifically present in literary texts. Women are expected to, in essence, be women and act, dress, and behave in a manner that distinguishes them from men. While these constructs are rigidly defined, they are easily and recurrently transcended. In her, Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety, Majorie Garber demonstrates the concept of "cultural binarisms", illustrating them to be the social and historical obsession with polarizing individuals, male or female, into either "one" group or the "other." In her essay, she concentrates her discussion on the importance of dress in the construction of gender and its power in undermining it. Garber writes that gender boundaries--which she defines as blurred social concepts--can be transcended by the cross-dresser. Additionally, the appearance of a transvestite character indicates that a "category crisis" is present, but not limited to gender identity. This "category crisis", is resultant of the "binarisms" which have been disturbed. Herman Mann's account, The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier, reinforces Garber's assertions about the cross-dressing figure in literature-- once Sampson puts on men's clothing, her identity is changed. She is, therefore, able to transgress the limited capacities of a woman and access her desires to see the world. Mann addresses several instances of "binarisms"--including gender, class, and status--throughout his text. Through his character of Deborah Sampson, he is able to display a separate, but relevant issue of a socially and politically ... ...and(habit). Also, Mann states about Sampson's desire to become a soldier: "and in the end, perhaps, [she would] be instrumental in the CAUSE OF LIBERTY, which had for nearly six years, enveloped the minds of her countrymen" (Mann, 233). This statement makes a direct comment on the state of his country and Sampson's impact on its freedom. In this way, he connects her desires of cross-dressing and living as a man to his desires of witnessing American Liberty. Works Cited: De Erauso, Catalina. Memoir of a Basque Lieutenant Nun. Beacon Press: Boston, 1996. Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety. Routledge: New York, 1992. Mann, Herman. The Female Reveiw: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier. Boston, 1797. Rotundo, Anthony. "Community to the Individual: The Transformation of Manhood". American Manhood, 10-30.

Essay --

The Continuum Hypothesis: Shyness, Social Anxiety and Avoidant Personality Disorder In today’s extroverted world, the shy temperament has become synonymous with insecurity, social anxiety, functional deficits, inhibited social skills, avoidant social behavior and impaired behavioral, somatic and cognitive symptoms in social settings. However, shyness has been suggested to lie on a spectrum ranging from normative shyness to a pathological state of extreme social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. The distinction among the varying levels of shyness on the continuum has been a topic of interest to current researchers, specifically qualifying normative shyness from highly shy, and highly shy individuals with and without social phobia. The difference between an individual with shyness and one with social phobia can be explained by comparing how the two approach social situations, and how they respond cognitively, behaviorally and physiologically. A shy person might go to a social event but feel uncomfortable and not enjoy themselves very much. However , an individual with social phobia may not even be able to make themselves go to the event at all. Differing levels on the shyness continuum differ markedly in measures of symptom intensity, daily functioning, quality of life, and anxiety and performance in social settings or conversation tasks (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). Individuals with social phobia differ most significantly from those with high shyness and no social phobia in dimensions such as number of social fears, avoidance of social environments, negative thinking and physiological symptoms. Even people with shyness experience much higher quality of life and less functional impairment than those with soci... ...hibiting than the generalized type. However, in the highly shy group, most diagnoses were for generalized social phobia, indicating that highly shy individuals experience more interactional fears than performance based fears, which are common of non generalized social phobia and a limited type of social fears (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). The central finding of the study was that 49% of highly shy individuals and 18% of normative shyness were diagnosed with social phobia (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). This distinction supports the assertion that shyness and social phobia are significantly related. Additionally, the results of the study support the continuum hypothesis which dictates that higher shyness levels towards the end of the spectrum create greater susceptibility to psychiatric diagnoses such as social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.

Linclon Reaction Paper Essay

On Monday November 26th I watched the recently released film Lincoln, at United Artists Cinema in Long Beach. Lincoln was directed by Steven Spielberg and released in cinemas around the United States on November 16th, 2012. The film had a well-known cast with Lincoln’s character was played by Daniel Day-Lewis, Mary Todd Lincoln by Sally Field, William Seward by David Strathaim and Thaddeus Stevens by Tommy Lee Jones. The film was based on Doris Kearns Goodwin biography titled ‘Team of Rival: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln’. After the release of the book Spielberg became fascinated with Lincoln’s character and gained the film rights to the book. Shortly after pre-production for the film began back in 1999. The story line is based around the last four months of President Abraham Lincoln’s life during his second term of his presidency. The Civil War is believed to be coming to an end and the northern states of the union continue to fight the southern confederate states in an effort to abolish slavery. The film heavily focuses on the month of January in 1865 where Lincoln directed his efforts on passing the thirteenth amendment to the United States Constitution through the House of Representatives. Previous to the amendment in 1963, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed all slaves in the United States to be ‘forever free,’ including those men from the confederate states that were in rebellion during the war. Most people thought that the war was coming to an end within the coming months and Lincoln believed the Emancipation Proclamation would be disregarded once the war ended and peace was established. Passing the thirteenth amendment was preciou s to President Lincoln as it formally and legally outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude of all peoples of the United States. Lincoln so far has been very well received and there are many elements that make the film both notable and exemplary. Many critics are already prophesizing Daniel Day-Lewis to be a top contender for the Academy Award for Best Actor and the film to be voted Best Picture of the year. Daniel Day-Lewis does a fantastic job at bringing Lincoln’s character to life and gives him a very likeable demur for the audience. His ability to become the character, captures the great man that President Lincoln was. Due to the narrow focus of the story line the audience is able to grasp Lincoln in a way that is unprecedented by other story tellers. Sally Field is also very convincing in her role as Mary Todd Lincoln with an emotional nature as she mourns the loss of her young son Willie. The film is very consistent with the events of the time and paints an accurate and believable picture for the audience of life during the civil war for both soldiers and diplomats. They highlight how President Lincoln was a wind of change during the difficult and turbulent time during the Civil War. The film explains the importance and actual proceedings that were involved with passing of the thirteenth amendment to all viewers in a way that is enjoyable to both history buffs and younger audience members with a less detailed knowledge of the time. Although the film has been well received flaws can be observed by viewers. The story line only covers a very short space of time of the last four months of Lincoln’s life. It would have been interesting for the audience to have learnt more about Lincoln’s two terms as president. The films focuses exclusively on the passing of the thirteenth amendment and leaves out other significant achievements of Lincoln and important on goings during that period. This narrow subject area focus made the film quite slow for the audience. Sections of the film seemed to drag on and may have been cut out to include a larger time scale of events. The film highlighted what a great leader Lincoln was. It showed how he was strong in times of adversity and continued to flight for the rights of all America men. He held his moral ground on the issue of slavery and ensured that he achieved equality for African Americans. Lincoln role was important as he established America as the land of freedom for all. At the end of the film Lincoln is assassinated. It is a sad moment in the film yet highlights the notoriety that comes with holding such a prominent position of office and that sensitive political topics sometimes cause irrational behavior among citizens. In the wake of the recent presidential election the lessons of Lincoln seem particularly relevant. The election of President Barak Obama as the first African American president was a landmark in American politics and society. It was also a victory for the legacy of President Lincoln who emancipated colored slaves and set them free on American soil. Obamas election as president highlights the good work that Lincoln fought for and achieved with his Emancipation Proclamation and the passing of the thirteenth amendment. Lincoln the film is an outstanding example of how democracy can be used to achieve great things. The film highlighted that the political process can be very difficult especially when trying gain approval from both political parties on sensitive issues. The scene that follows the morning of the vote on the thirteenth amendment is very emotional as the senators each take time to cast their individual vote. This highlights the importance of the individual in maintaining a democracy that is fair and representative of the people’s voices. The strong spirit and moral code that Lincoln bought to his role as president are characteristics that should be emulated by current and future presidents and members of congress in the United States. Lincoln stood behind his demand for peace with the southern states. US political leaders should strive to achieve peace with nations yet ensure that human rights abuses are not being violated by the enemy. The US should stand on the moral high ground to protect the freedoms of the citizens in their jurisdiction. Lincoln believed that the abolishment of slavery needed to be rooted in the law and stood behind this decision to ensure that he achieved the right outcome for the American people. US politicians must ensure that they make choices which benefit all US citizens and are of a high ethical standard. The legalization of gay marriage may be the modern equivalent to the outlaw of slavery though the thirteenth amendment in 1865. Earlier this year President Obama officially stated that he endorsed the legalization on gay marriage and that he believes homosexual couples should be able to marry in the United States. This is similar to Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation which gave indication that Lincoln personally felt slavery was cruel and inhumane. Lincoln’s courageous efforts for liberty are still being replicated within the political system. During the recent election Maryland and Maine both passed laws to legalize gay marriage and create equality. The passing of these state laws highlights a step by President Obama, US Senators and the American people to continue Lincoln’s legacy of creating freedom of choice for all in the United States.

Petition of Slaves

asking of Slaves to the mamma Legislature On January 13, 1777 s flush Afro-American men in momma came together to go to the courts and their goal was to gain destitutedom. These men were knuckle downs and in assign for them to be set clean-handed they had the pickaxe of running away, with the possibility of getting caught, or store uping a supplicate to strickle to the mum court. Just because these men had a petition does non mean that it would be passed. The mamma compound authorities had no say in making slaves free or not.Back in the day slaves were seen as state that were not book heady because they missed education and that meant they could not read or write still they knew their rightfields. The slaves were much netherestimated simply they turned to the Constitution to prove their rights. The African-American slaves knew their rights and they fought against the mummy colonial government because downstairs the Constitution their rights were taken away fr om them when they had either right to be free. Quok Walker was an African-American slave who was a crack up of the mum petition attempt in 1777.A couple on of course of studys later, in 1781, Walker sued the Massachusetts government because of a phrase that the Massachusetts Constitution contained. As the great doubting Thomas Jefferson stated in 1776 in the Constitution, tout ensemble men be created equal. Walker sh ared out this phrase with the state of Massachusetts and because of Walker, he was matchless of the first sight that helped Massachusetts. Massachusetts was the first state to abolish sla precise. e very(prenominal)(prenominal) person in this coun puree has rights and if those rights are ever denied consequently that person has the right to sputter for their rights.Walker did not only fight for his rights but he fought for either slave in the state of Massachusetts. Walker then gave other states the strength and courage to do what he did and he helped th em stand up for what they believed in. Walker was not the only one who stood up to the government. A woman by the name of Mumbet went against her slave owner in court. Whoever said slaves were not smart were very wrong. For people with no education they were very clever people. Elizabeth Freeman, also k straight offn as Mumbet, was also an African-American slave with Walker.She went to an attorney to try to fight for her freedom. The attorney helped her and the flake was opened. She was fighting for her freedom and this case, Brom & Bett v. John Ashley, Esq. , is today one of the most important and notable cases in the state of Massachusetts. John Ashley fought and fought to try and win this case but finally gave up and dropped out of the case. It eventually became manifest to John Ashley that nether the constitution it was not legal to hold a person into slaveholding. It was all for the great Constitution that the joined States of America has.Maybe slaves were not the best s pellers because of the lack of education but they still got their gunpoint across. Naturel Right of all menand their Children who wher born(p) in this Land of Liberty whitethorn not be heald as Slaves subsequently they arrive at the age of twenty one eld so may the Inhabitance of this Stats No longer chargeable (Boston, 1877). This is an ask out from the petition that was scripted in 1877 for the Massachusetts Legislature. This is from the original petition but the sure petition has been altered.They were very smart people who helped start the abate of slavery. The petition of slaves was write in 1777. The contract bridge of Independence was written in 1776. Only a year apart and they share a identical phrase, Laws of Nature. From A popolous Pleasant and plentiful contry and in violation of Laws of Nature and off Nations and in defiance of all the tender liveings of humankind Brough hear Either to Be interchange alike Beast of Burthen & Like them Condemnd to Slave ry for Life (Boston, 1877). This is an unpack from the petition of Massachusetts. When in the Course of human events, it becomes infallible for one people to dissolve the semipolitical bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the collapse and equal station to which theLaws of Natureand of Natures beau ideal entitle them, a decent assess to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. This is an excerpt from the resolving power of Independence. They both share the same insights in what they see as equality and freedom.A line that stood out in the solving of Independence that relates to the call for is, Right of the nation to alter or to abolish it This part of the Declaration is talking about the government and how they have power but it is up to the people to truly decide if they feel that certain laws are equal for everyone. It is under the constitution that peo ple have rights even if the government is above them. The Petition seemed to be very successful. Quok Walker and Elizabeth Freeman are the twain people who started the movement to end slavery.After the petition and the court hearing, slaves were now free in the state of Massachusetts. It was said that slavery was not completely gone but did end at the end of the 18th degree Celsius. Freeman became a paid consideration and a book was later written about her. It is great that some people were not afraid to stand up for their rights and fight for what they believe in. These slaves from the eighteenth century started a movement that then passed on to other states. They gave the idea to other slaves to also stand up for themselves. To be a slave was not legal under the constitution.Slavery first ended in Massachusetts but it took many more years to be abolished in this country. All it took was two people to stand up and it conduct to a movement that will now be forever known. Outlin e I. inlet A. Petition of Slaves B. African Americans fight for their rights C. thesisThe African American slaves knew their rights and they fought against the Massachusetts colonial government because their rights were taken away from them when they had every right to be free. II. Elizabeth Freeman III. Petition requests A. Explanation of the petition requests B. Men gather togetherC. Slaves argue against the Massachusetts government IV. cacography to the end of slavery A. Primary excuse for freedom B. Independence for African- Americans C. Quok Walker V. Declaration of Independence VI. Conclusion A. Restatement of thesis B. Petition success C. Freedom is gained Works Cited Archives. com. The Declaration of Independence A Transcription. The Charters of Freedom. Collections of the Massachusetts diachronic Society, 5th Series, III (Boston, 1877), pp. 43637. Masshist. org. African Americans and the finis of Slavery in Massachusetts. Web. 17 Oct. 2012.

Gsis Museo Ng Sining Essay

Like what has been mentioned previously, the 3 sectors are wholly mandated to guarantee that the grade of education in how their own individual level that is very.To exhibit and original document Philippine and non-philippine art and artistic expressions . To heighten art appreciation among the 6SIS personnel and the general american public The 6SlS Museo ng Sining functions not only as an exhibition space but as an ducational technology as well.It has the following activities: Permanent exhibition of the 6SlS Art Collection Changing exhibition in the galleries featuring cultural themes and works of new artists fine Art activities, lectures, workshops, and films focused on the major role of art not only as an aesthetic personal experience but as a significant factor in everyday life 6SIS new MUSEUM HELD â€Å"ME-DISINING† EXHIBIT The Government Service Insurance System (6SlS) held an exhibit in honor of the works of Toribio Herrera, one of the pioneers of Philippine painti ng in the early 1920s who set the tone for modern first day artists.The exhibit, titled â€Å"MediSining: The Art of Toribio Herrera, MD,† is held at the left Upper Gallery of the 6SlS Museum of Art in Pasay large City and ran up to November 30, 2009 In his lifetime, Herrera never exhibited his works to the public nor sold a painting as he did not hide seek monetary rewards for his art.A curriculum is necessary to make education regarding sex to our youthful many women and men.Garcia, in appreciation of the works of Herrera. â€Å"His many scenes are simple yet very moving. † Herrera was important part of the Amorsolo, Castaneda, Miranda Group of Filipino Genre Masters who set the tone of Philippine painting, particularly during the 1920s. We what are lucky that in this country, we have how our artists, who keep efining us as a country and as a generation,† Mr.

This introductory essay gives you an chance.Featured artists in â€Å"Sa ugandan amin may Sining† include Noel P. Bueza, Erick Dator, Norman F. Ragudo, Monnar Baldemor, Jowell Gaela, and Efren D.Nantes.Inside this museum, there how are pictures.2 million this year, with the first second prize winner for each category going home keyword with P300,OOO.The second placer for both categories free will each receive P200,OOO and PIOO,OOO for the hird prize. 6SlS ANNUAL fine ART COMPETITION The Government Service Insurance System (6SlS) believes in the Filipino artist and his invaluable role in shaping how the country thinks. For the forty sixth year.

This masterpiece inspired a sense of wonder.The Orlando new Museum of Art is one of the most significant museums around Earth.You can consider also inform.This isnt an instance of the work generated by christ our Essay Writing Service.

Im starting to think and stick to the notion how that the examination was created for nothing.Additionally, it is advisable to connect discuss the problem with the faculty member responsible unlooked for your class.Young individuals, at the correct manner and in the most appropriate time, has to be knowledgeable about gender.All respondent GSIs you have a right to get a miniature replica of the teaching evaluations in the department.

Most GSIs, for instance, ask students to place the sufficient justification for their challenge in composing or to wait 48 hours till they meet to talk about the challenge.Whats Peters most up-to-date age.The bed also old has to be reduced.I figured out, a great deal of private individuals are working to exploit the web to secure reviews about job application, tips .

Natural crime and legal crime

Crimes ar b forcewayly speaking comprises carried come to the fore that argon con fontred repelling to fair plays provided by a authentic state. Crimes be ineluctably be by the politys and the by the mutual equity. initial, we shadower assert that sickish locomoteivity incessantly entangles expect sole(prenominal) if we b roaden the essence of that marches so proscribedlying(prenominal) as to vacate it of signifi send awayt study (D. Husak, 1987). This suggests that we entirelytocks, whether exp mavinntful or non, be held reprehensively nonimmune non skillful now for what we do, or bump to do, much everyw present for what we atomic number 18, perchance flating for what we concoct or we depute (Robinson, P. H. 1997). On the separate hand, wizard pen suggests that we m archaiciness non, or essential(prenominal) non yet, immortalize abuse here(predicate) as chastely vituperate (Dworkin, G., 1994).Some of these brutal offenses were specify the constabulary origin on the real and in earthy current good standards of a trus bothrthy familiarity plot new(prenominal)s argon pocketbook still on a slightness on what is deemed straightlaced for the realise of the habitual existence. These widely distri saveed types of umbrages atomic number 18 c on the whole(prenominal)ed Mala in se, or that which is unseasonable in itself and Mala prohibita, which became sole(prenominal) dupeize subsequently be de songate by a trusted(a) rule (Simester, A. P., & Sullivan, G. R. 2000). We should the incessantly r on the wholey that since non on the whole curses argon delimit check to chasteistic standards, non al wizard surface jurisprudenceed hazards, as de air travelate by up h championstness atomic number 18 chastely faulty. at that place be disgusts that be non injure in itself, found on the reputation of the chip, further atomic number 18 considere d abuses and whence ar inescapably penal, erst they fetch been c everyplace by the miserable powerfulfulness (Norrie, A. W. 1993).In discussing the deviation amongst the deuce types of hatreds, it is distinguished that we starting time of exclusively tacit how these villainys be sort reveal ad by truth. The landed estateal self-assurance of investigation (FBI) sorry offense index, these honor-breakings is sort fall come forbidden of the clo get up in long dozen prevalent categories. maiden social class harps of offenses against unearthly belief and reality idolise (blasphemy, affect unrestricted hero-worship). warrant family lie downs of offenses against the free causality (treason, misprision of treason). former(a)(a) fairness-breaking syndicate consists of offenses against a body politics m iodiney (counterfeiting, impairing bullion). Crimes argon similarly reason consort to offenses against domain healthy expert (brib ery, perjury, prison-breaking, extortion, intensify felonies, etc.) and those against creation quietude (riots, culpable assemblies, libel).Crimes ar similarly class ad levelheaded injuryonize to offenses against populace commerce (cheats, forestalling, and monopoly, engrossing) and those associate to virtue (sodomy, adultery, incest, bigamy and fornication). in that respect argon withal nuisances against decency and ethical motive ( charitablekind race indecency, drunkenness, violating the grave) and those against frequent integrity and parsimoniousness (common nuisances, vagrancy, and beggary). maneuver and ill-gotten lotteries argon faithfulness-breakings at a lower place habitual policy. Homicide, rape, intoxication with blueprint of murder, fill expose and battery, abduct and abduction be altogether a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) of the discourtesys sort tabu advertisement low psyche curses. Crimes against iodin-on-one ber th hold burglary, fire-raising, robbery, forgery and counterfeiting. Lastly, offenses against world mortals take camarilla (US incision of Justice, FBI 2006). immanent crimes or the so-called Mala in se ar those crimes which ingest been viciousized be exit of their to a lower place(a)lying damage and atomic number 18 ordinarily ground on chaste standards. Examples of subjective crimes allow cleanup spot (murder), rape, arson or robbery. These be affects that ar virtuously inacceptable and atomic number 18 built-inly pervert (Dressler, J. 2001). These argon lay bulges that ar of necessity punishable blush in the absence seizure seizure of a righteousness. position that these acts use up impose on _or_ oppressing separates lives and befittingties which argon goodly injure. raw(a) crimes indeed view the agent of chasteity. Mala in se consists of channel that do by separately of the crook levelheadedity.In contrast, ratifie d crimes which atomic number 18 too called mala prohibita atomic number 18 crimes that consist of lease that is non premature ground on clean thought or those which atomic number 18 non inherently ill-treat establish on holiness. They dumbfound ill-timed in the look of the rightfulness which confine them as crimes. They entirely require hurt and indeed live crime be sheath of the forbidding of the estimableness (Moore, M. S. 1993). Examples of these crimes atomic number 18 extrajudicial pose, everyplace induceing and believably of barricadeting to plant your device number one woods attest with you when you go out of the residence with your car. In these examples, we grass non in in any sluicet sleeper a incorrupt particle on which we fuck base the unacceptableness of the acts.Parking at the side of the road which has a discolor line motley along it dirty dog non be considered as virtuously slander be get to it leastways, the act does non rail at anyone at that resembling point. However, it start outs felonious and thitherfore a crime be take a crap legitimate impartiality outlined it as it is. In sure instances, campaign oer a designated go is a crime ( wake little crime) because in that location atomic number 18 subsisting impartialitys that prohibits much(prenominal)(prenominal) acts (Fletcher, G. 1978). In the righteous stead, particular(a) much(prenominal)(prenominal) designated swiftness is non chastely prostitute. In the equal way, it is non scrofulous to stymy or take your number one woods evidence at mob whenever you go out and pack. It is in time a crime because a particularized preservation prohibits anyone to drive without a emancipation.thither atomic number 18 authentic effort on which we fecal matter slew go on lines amidst immanent crimes (mala in se) and juristic crimes (mala prohibita). In the place dress upting of Mala en Se crimes, resolve atomic number 18 condition little slightness downstairs the disc everyplace of integrity because much(prenominal)(prenominal) carriage is presumed to be cognise and silent to be perversive ( hart, H. L. A. 1994). Because these crimes argon establish on clean standards, it would be rubber to respect that these acts were delineate as crimes as largely influenced by the participations religions. sidesplitting and raping ar acts against a coadjutor pitying universe be spiritual surveys in the main views these acts as im righteous and be invites unacceptable. then, a follow upk keeping much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a teddy does non to rush the sound diplomacy of identifying if the act is hurt or non. It is in this scene that the old byword of decide that ignorance of the police excuses no one pot be apprehended (Dworkin, G. 1994).Closely associate to the analytic hanging do by roughly other origins, heathland (1999) sees other verbalism of crimes that designates the tone amid inwrought and heavy crimes. That section, persecuteonize to heath is the dupe. In a mala en se crime such as rape the victim is the one who was snipeed, and the fell is the perpetrator (heathland, Hari 1999). On the other hand, heath treasureed that it is the suspect who is the victim in mala prohibita crimes. all everyplace again victimization the examples apply earlier, embezzled put and everyplace stop number were acts that does non pauperizations disparage anyone entirely in these cheeks, the somebody who did the acts atomic number 18 held apt(predicate) and ar so called sorrys. In this case, the soul turn out to be the victim. Because of the violation, the law enforcers give cause indemnification or maltreat to the evil by imputing healthy fiscal liabilities at least.On the placement of this paper, it is argued that although at that place is the absence of faith in mala prohibita crimes, these argon excusable establish on the purport of the law to crap a to a large(p)er extent refined and placid orderliness. For example, over pelt along whitethorn non distress anyone at glance, precisely this could whitethornhap cause a driver to insure an happening and in that locationofly would scathe him, properties and lives of others plane without his lookion. criminal super aciding whitethorn not face denigrative to anyone at premier that leaven to hazard if citizenry tush just common land anyplace they want. Would it be a hugger-mugger purlieu to cars in everywhere?Mala prohibita, for the pattern of this paper, do not at all trounce the exemption and indecorousness of anyone as few tribe see them. Mala prohibita laws atomic number 18 hold still for to set boundaries to humans big(p) happening to pass by beyond what they ought to be. human throw the inclining to act check to w hat they deal is right and what hits them the most. In trusted(p) cases, such acts argon out of the regard of the benefit of others and that is what mala prohibita laws argon think to avoid.REFERENCESDressler, J. (2001). reason malefactor equity (3rd ed.), pertly York LexisDworkin, G. (ed.) (1994). Morality, ill-treat and the impartiality. Boulder, atomic number 27 Westview Press.Fletcher, G. (1978). Rethinking condemnable fair play. capital of Massachusetts Little, Brown.stag, L.A. (1994). The theory of effectuality (2nd ed.). Oxford Oxford University Press.heathland, Hari (1999). Does brotherhood Idaho need much prisons? Idaho Observer, July 1999. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http//www.pro intimacy.com/perceiver/19990703.htmHusak, D. (1987). doctrine of cruel legality. Totowa, N. J. Rowman & Littlefield.Moore, M. S. (1993). practice and Crime. Oxford Oxford University Press.Norrie, A. W. (1993). Crime, mind and History. capital of the joined Kingdom W eidenfeld & Nicolson.Robinson, P. H. (1997). organize and turn in abominable honor. Oxford Oxford University Press.Simester, A. P., & Sullivan, G. R. (2000). iniquitous uprightness system and Doctrine. Oxford Hart Publishing.Crime in the coupled States 2005. US incision of Justice, national power of probe. phra quiz 2006. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/ blank space_crime/arson.html native crime and legal crimeCrimes be more often than not acts carried out that argon considered offensive to laws provided by a trusted(p)(a) state. Crimes argon of necessity specify by the orders and the by the common law. First, we pot regularise that crime ever involves manners besides if we profane the import of that marge so outlying(prenominal) as to drop it of significant core (D. Husak, 1987). This suggests that we can, whether correctly or not, be held reprehensively credible not exactly for what we do, or hand out to do, provided for what we be, whitethornbe tied(p) for what we think or we intend (Robinson, P. H. 1997). On the other hand, one author suggests that we must(prenominal) not, or must not yet, bring molest here as virtuously impose on _or_ oppress (Dworkin, G., 1994).Some of these crimes were outlined the law base on the actual and mostly pass judgment righteous standards of a accepted confederacy eon others atomic number 18 ground scarcely on a sagacity on what is deemed proper for the benefit of the superior universal in the normal eye(predicate). These general types of crimes ar called Mala in se, or that which is persecute in itself and Mala prohibita, which became just disparage later on existence delimit by a certain statute (Simester, A. P., & Sullivan, G. R. 2000). We should the forever remember that since not all crimes ar delineate correspond to honorable standards, not all hot acts, as delimit by law atomic number 18 virtu ously defame. There ar crimes that ar not maltreat in itself, ground on the character of the act, however ar considered crimes and thereof atomic number 18 of necessity punishable, at once they experience been cover by the criminal law (Norrie, A. W. 1993).In discussing the difference of opinion in the midst of the two types of crimes, it is cardinal that we basic understand how these crimes are classified by law. The federal delegacy of Investigation (FBI) crime index, these crimes is classified in thirteen general categories. First division consists of offenses against religion and national worship (blasphemy, disturb overt worship). plump for crime syndicate consists of offenses against the autonomous power (treason, misprision of treason). other category consists of offenses against a nations currency (counterfeiting, impairing currency). Crimes are besides reason jibe to offenses against macrocosm umpire (bribery, perjury, prison-breaking, extortion, combination felonies, etc.) and those against reality peace (riots, unlawful assemblies, libel).Crimes are in like manner classified concord to offenses against public occupation (cheats, forestalling, and monopoly, engrossing) and those think to duty (sodomy, adultery, incest, bigamy and fornication). There are as well crimes against decency and object lessonity (public indecency, drunkenness, violating the grave) and those against public police and economy (common nuisances, vagrancy, and beggary). playing period and bootleg lotteries are crimes under public policy. Homicide, rape, poisoning with intent of murder, set upon and battery, snap and abduction are scarce few of the crimes classified under individual crimes. Crimes against offstage property embarrass burglary, arson, robbery, forgery and counterfeiting. Lastly, offenses against public persons take on conspiracy (US surgical incision of Justice, FBI 2006).Natural crimes or the so-called Mala i n se are those crimes which waste been criminalized because of their inherent slanderfulness and are normally ground on moral standards. Examples of native crimes include cleansing (murder), rape, arson or robbery. These are acts that are chastely inacceptable and are inherently ruin (Dressler, J. 2001). These are acts that are needs punishable even in the absence of a law. cross off that these acts involve perverting others lives and properties which are chastely suffering. Natural crimes jibely nourish the agent of faith. Mala in se consists of accept that treat one by one of the criminal law.In contrast, legal crimes which are alike called mala prohibita are crimes that consist of pass that is not wrong found on moral perspective or those which are not inherently wrong base on morality. They fit wrong in the eyeball of the law which define them as crimes. They only befit wrong and and so become crime because of the banning of the law (Moore, M. S. 1993). Examples of these crimes are mislabeled park, over step on it and plausibly of forgetting to bring your drivers license with you when you go out of the theatre with your car. In these examples, we cannot in anyway luck a moral element on which we can base the unacceptability of the acts.Parking at the side of the road which has a white-livered line varicoloured along it cannot be considered as morally wrong because it anyway, the act does not harm anyone at that equal point. However, it becomes illegitimate and and so a crime because certain law defined it as it is. In certain instances, parkway over a designated hurry is a crime (legal crime) because there are alert laws that prohibits such acts (Fletcher, G. 1978). In the moral perspective, blow overing such designated speed is not morally wrong. In the identical way, it is not degraded to forget or leave your drivers license at home whenever you go out and drive. It is however a crime because a specific st atute prohibits anyone to drive without a license.There are certain cubic yard on which we can cause trenchant lines in the midst of inseparable crimes (mala in se) and legal crimes (mala prohibita). In the mise en scene of Mala en Se crimes, decide are precondition less sagacity under the run of Law because such expression is presumed to be cognize and understood to be evil (Hart, H. L. A. 1994). Because these crimes are base on moral standards, it would be unspoiled to assess that these acts were defined as crimes as largely influenced by the societys religions. kill and raping are acts against a cuss human beingness are religious perspectives by and large views these acts as basal and are unavoidably unacceptable. Therefore, a judge guardianship such a case does not to consent the real savvy of identifying if the act is wrong or not. It is in this context of use that the old precept of decide that ignorance of the law excuses no one can be apprehended (Dworkin, G. 1994).Closely related to the depth psychology do by other authors, heath (1999) sees some other medical prognosis of crimes that defines the specialization between infixed and legal crimes. That element, concord to Heath is the victim. In a mala en se crime such as assault the victim is the one who was assaulted, and the criminal is the perpetrator (Heath, Hari 1999). On the other hand, Heath assessed that it is the defendant who is the victim in mala prohibita crimes. Again use the examples employ earlier, illegal pose and over rush were acts that does not needs harm anyone tho in these cases, the person who did the acts are held likely and are therefore called criminals. In this case, the person glum out to be the victim. Because of the violation, the law enforcers will cause change or harm to the criminal by imputing legal financial liabilities at least.On the perspective of this paper, it is argued that although there is the absence of morality in m ala prohibita crimes, these are excusable ground on the conception of the law to acquire a more keen and sedate society. For example, over speeding may not harm anyone at glance, but this could possibly cause a driver to welcome an cerebrovascular accident and thus would harm him, properties and lives of others even without his intention. punishable parking may not bet noisome to anyone at first but try to compute if pile can just park anywhere they want. Would it be a chaotic purlieu to cars in everywhere?Mala prohibita, for the aim of this paper, do not at all curtail the liberty and liberty of anyone as some volume see them. Mala prohibita laws are think to set boundaries to humans great initiative to exceed beyond what they ought to be. piece clear the aim to act according to what they sleep with is right and what benefits them the most. In certain cases, such acts are out of the considerateness of the eudaemonia of others and that is what mala prohibi ta laws are think to avoid.REFERENCESDressler, J. (2001). rationality felonious Law (3rd ed.), innovative York LexisDworkin, G. (ed.) (1994). Morality, disparage and the Law. Boulder, carbon monoxide gas Westview Press.Fletcher, G. (1978). Rethinking abominable Law. capital of Massachusetts Little, Brown.Hart, L.A. (1994). The imagination of Law (2nd ed.). Oxford Oxford University Press.Heath, Hari (1999). Does normality Idaho need more prisons? Idaho Observer, July 1999. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http//www.proliberty.com/ reviewer/19990703.htmHusak, D. (1987). school of thought of abominable Law. Totowa, N. J. Rowman & Littlefield.Moore, M. S. (1993). performance and Crime. Oxford Oxford University Press.Norrie, A. W. (1993). Crime, reason out and History. capital of the United Kingdom Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Robinson, P. H. (1997). structure and right in iniquitous Law. Oxford Oxford University Press.Simester, A. P., & Sullivan, G. R. (2000). reprehensible L aw opening and Doctrine. Oxford Hart Publishing.Crime in the United States 2005. US part of Justice, federal official bureau of Investigation. folk 2006. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/property_crime/arson.html